Sweet-Briar or Eglantine Rose

Sweet-Briar Rose (Photo credit : Andrew Coombes)

R. rubiginosa or Rosa eglanteria, commonly known as ‘Sweet-Briar Rose’ or ‘Eglantine Rose’, is a small, prickly, wild rose with fragrant foliage and numerous small, five-petalled, pink blooms in early spring followed by large, orange-red hips in autumn. The upright shrub grows to a height of about two meters. Native to Northern Europe and Western Asia, it is also widely naturalized in North America, where it grows along roadsides and in pastures.

Botanical Drawing of Sweet-Briar Rose (By C. A. M. Lindman (1856–1928))

The specific name ‘rubiginosa’ signifies, in Latin, ‘rusty’, the plant is thus named as both stems and leaves are often of a brownish-red tint. The name ‘Eglantine’ is from Medieval English ‘Eglentyn’, evolved from Old French ‘Aiglantin’ (adj.) that originated from Vulgar Latin ‘Aculentus’ with a meaning of thorny or prickly.

In its name of ‘Sweet Brier’ ‘Sweet‘ refers to the sweet, apple fragrance of its leaves, while ‘Briar or Brier’ is originated from Old English ‘brer or braert’ with a meaning of thorny shrubs. This rose is known as ‘Gul Nusreen’ in India.

Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I by Nicholas Hilliard

‘Sweet-Briar’ is a historically and literary important rose in Europe. This rose has been cultivated before 1551 as a hedging plant in England. It was tied to the literature as the ‘Eglantine’ rose in England because Queen Elizabeth I of England loved this rose. Although she had the ‘Tudor Rose’ as her family emblem, Elizabeth adopted the more natural ‘Eglantine’ rose symbolising royalty and chastity particularly after she had forsaken marriage in favour of ‘marrying England’.

Phoenix Jewel (Sourced from The British Museum)

The Phoenix Jewel (ca. 1570-80) – the portrait bust of the Queen was bordered by red and white roses on one side intertwined by ‘Tudor’ and ‘Eglantine’ roses and on the reverse a phoenix rises from the flames.

William Rogers’ Rosa Electa

Sweet-brier Rose…

Beside my cottage door it. grows,
The loveliest, daintiest flower that blows,
A sweet-brier rose.

At dewy morn or twilight’s dose,
The rarest perfume from it flows,
This strange, wild rose.

But when the raindrops on it beat,
Ah, then its odors grow more sweet
About my feet!

Ofttimes with loving tenderness
Its soft green leaves I gently press
In sweet caress,

A still more wondrous fragrance flows,
The more my fingers firmly close,
And crush the rose!

Gertrude Woodcock Seibert
The Sweet-Brier Rose and Other Poems (1926)

Photo credit: Stan Shebs  (2005), Wikipedia

Rosa Canina : The Dog Rose…

Dog Rose (Source: Wikipedia)

Commonly known as Dog rose, Rosa canina is a wild rose species native to Europe, northwest Africa, and western Asia. It is the most abundant, widespread and variable of all the wild rose species. Once flowering Dog rose is a deciduous shrub about 1 to 5 m in height. It can climb higher into taller trees with the help of its small, sharp, hooked prickles. The leaves are pinnate, with 5–7 leaflets. The flowers are usually pale pink but can vary between a deep pink and white with five petals encircled around a crown of stamens. The flower matures into an oval, red-orange fruit, or hip.

Dog Rose (Source: Wikipedia)

The first record of this flower dates back thousands of years. Hippocrates (460-377 BCE) is said be using it for medicinal purposes. The Academy of Floral Games (founded in 1323) gifted poets a sprig of Dog-rose to reward them for their literary excellence. Due to this ritual, the rose became increasingly popular and was frequently mentioned in several famous poems. The most famous is the quote in William Shakespeare’s “A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream”;

“With sweet musk-roses and with eglantine.“

This rose carries interesting history which is truly fascinating. The Dog rose is the county flower of Hampshire and one of the national symbols of Romania. It is emblem of the Scottish Rose clan.

Albertus Magnus (C. 1200 – 1280) 

An old riddle, ‘The Five Brethren of the Rose’, provides an effective way of identifying roses of the Canina group:

“On a summer’s day, in sultry weather
Five Brethren were born together.
Two had beards and two had none
And the other had but half a one.“

Sepals of the Dog Rose (Source: Bernhardt, 2002)

‘Brethren’ refers to the five sepals of the Dog-rose, two of which are whiskered on both sides, two quite smooth and the last one whiskered on one side only. There are many versions of the riddle in Latin, English and German. It is believed to be written by Albertus Magnus (circa 1200 -1280), a German Catholic fairer and bishop of Regensburg and later canonised as a Catholic saint. He was also an early authority on natural science and soil fertility.

Dog Rose (Source: Penny Moyes, 2006, Wikimedia Commons)

The meaning of the Dog Rose is quite extensive. There are many theories how this rose got its name.

• The dog rose got its name from a 16th-century translation of the Latin Rosa canina, which comes from the Greek ‘kunórodon’, a rebuke that it is not a garden rose, but a wild rose. Hence the word ‘dog’ has a negative connotation, indicating ‘worthless’ as compared with cultivated garden roses.
• Another theory is the rose refers to “pain” as it was believed the medicinal properties of the plant were used to cure the bite of rabid dogs in the 18th and 19th centuries before sophisticated medicines were discovered. The Roman naturalist, Pliny, attributed the name dog rose to a belief that the plant’s root could cure the bite of a mad dog.
• The positive meaning, “pleasure”, stem from its focus around “romanticism”. In medieval times, this Rose was placed at the end of a maiden’s bed to signify a king’s interest in her company. Once the maiden received such a token, she was instructed to sneak into the royal chamber where the king would be waiting for her.
• The origin of the name may also be related to the plant’s hooked prickles that have resemblance to the teeth of a dog.

Today, the Dog Rose reflects a seasonal meaning of awaiting spring since it is one of the first bushes to bloom after the long, harsh and dark winter’s closure.

Dog Rose Drawing (Source: Linton, W. J. (1836)

Medicinal Values and Uses

Its medical uses date back to the time of Hippocrates. The roots, foliage, blooms and hips were used in various prescriptions.Fresh shell of the dog rose hips contain high levels of antioxidants, mainly polyphenols and ascorbic acid, as well as carotenoids and vitamins B and E. This rose is well known for its high level of vitamin C.

Dog Rose Hips (Source: Pixabay)

Traditionally red hips of this rose have been used to make rose-hip syrup, jam and tea. Syrup made from the Dog-rose hips has four times the Vitamin C of blackcurrant juice and twenty times that of orange juice. In Bulgaria, where this rose grows in abundance, the hips are used to make a sweet wine as well as tea.

During World War II, the British government encouraged the gathering up of the dog rose hips as a source of Vitamin C, to treat vitamin C deficiency. After the war, In the United States, Rosa canina was planted in victory gardens, and can still be found growing throughout the country, including roadsides and in wet, sandy areas along the coastlines. The Vietnamese novelist, Bao Ninh, in his novel “The Sorrow of War” writes:

“With Canina one smoked
To forget the daily hell of the soldier’s life,
Smoked to forget hunger and suffering.
Also, to forget death.
And totally, but totally,
To forget tomorrow.”

Traditionally, the Dog rose has been used to treat kidney and lower urinary tract disorders as well as arthritis, gout and common colds and their associated fevers. The seeds have been used to remove intestinal worms effectively. Distillation from the dog rose used as an astringent lotion for sensitive skin. Medicinal interest in rose hips has increased as a consequence of research that has explored the potential application of rose hips for treatment of several diseases including skin disorders, hepatotoxicity, renal disturbances, diarrhoea, inflammatory disorders, arthritis, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, obesity and cancer.

Dog Rose Hips (Source: Pxfuel)

The Dog rose is an invasive species in the South Island of New Zealand. It was recognised as displacing native vegetation as early as 1895. The dog rose is a declared weed in Australia as the plant out-competes native vegetation, provides shelter to pests such as foxes and rabbits, and is unpalatable to farm animals. It is also a biosecurity risk as it hosts fruit fly. Plants reproduce sexually by seed, and vegetatively by suckering and layering. Birds disperse seeds and they may also be carried by waterways. The seeds can also be carried in the hooves of stock animals. When the conditions are right, the seeds of this rose readily sprout without the usual requirement of stratification to break the winter dormant.

Enchanting Dog Rose (Source: Pxfuel)

Numerous cultivars have been named, though few are common in cultivation.
Rosa canina Abbotswood
Rosa canina ‘Assisiensis’ – only dog rose hybrid without thorns.
Rosa canina ‘Andersonii’

Whatever the pros and cons, dog rose is still a very beautiful and fragrant rose with its elegance and simplicity.

References:

• Botanical Online (n.d.) Properties of dog rose: Medicinal benefits. Accessed from https://www.botanical-online.com/en/medicinal-plants/dog-rose-rosa-canina-properties
• Canale, S (2016). Meaning of the dog rose. In Exotic Flowers. Accessed from http://blog.exoticflowers.com/blog-0/the-meaning-of-the-dog-rose
• Griep, S.V. (2017). Dog rose information: Learning about dog rose plants. In Gardening Know How. Accessed from https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/roses/dog-rose-information.htm
• Plant Life (n.d.). Dog Rose: Rosa canina. Accessed from https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/dog-rose

Rosa Banksiae Lutea (1824)

Rosa Banksiae Lutea, also known as ‘Yellow Lady Banks Rose’ or ‘Yellow Banksiae Rose’ was first introduced to England in the early 1800s. The ‘White Banksiae’ was the first species introduced to Europe by William Kerr, from the famous Fa Tee nursery in 1807. Kerr had been sent on a plant-hunting expedition by Sir Joseph Banks. That was a species of flowering plant in the rose family, native to central and western China grown for thousands of years. The species was named as ‘Banksiae’ for Dorothea Lady Banks, the wife of the botanist Sir Joseph Banks; the naturalist who accompanied Captain Cook on his voyage of discovering New Zealand.

Lady Dorothea Banks (née Hugessen) (1758-1828)

‘Yellow Banksiae’ was imported a little later, from the same Chinese nursery by John Dampier Park in 1824. Joseph Sabine, Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London, now known as the Royal Horticultural Society, decided to send out a young gardener in their employ, John Damper Parks, to China with instructions “to collect among other specimens, as many good varieties of Chrysanthemum as possible.”. Parks set out in 1823, returned in 1824 with sixteen new varieties of chrysanthemum, the ‘Yellow Banksian Rose’ and a yellow form of the Tea Rose now known as ‘Parks’ Yellow Tea-scented China’.

‘Yellow Banksiae Rose’ has a delightful habit of producing thousands of small, semi-double, primrose-yellow flowers amid of shining deep green leaves on long, thornless canes. Unlike most other rambling roses, this is easy to maintain because of its thornless canes. It can be kept quite compact with regular pruning. This rose will grow flat and dense against a wall or fence, or over an archway. Alternatively, it can be allowed to grow in its natural, free-spirited style, through a tree or over a shed. It has two-month of the flowering season in spring or early summer, which usually falls between September and October in New Zealand.

‘Yellow Banksiae’ rose has been a firm favourite with gardeners around the world since it was first grown at Kew Gardens almost two centuries ago. It is the hardiest growing rose in more sheltered positions. This rose has won prestigious “Award of Garden Merits” from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1993.

‘Yellow Banksiae Rose’ should not be pruned to the bones like other garden roses. It should be moderately pruned after flowering in early summer because the flowers occur on new wood produced in the previous season. Pruning in late winter means that you are cutting away the new season’s flowering wood. This is an easy rose to grow, with disease resistance and low requirements of fertilizer. Any reasonably fertile soil in a sunny position will suit it well. Although flowers may not have a strong perfume, it creates a delightful sight when in bloom.

Dupontii (1817)

Dupontii’ is an early flowering, up right shrub rose with grey-green foliage. The flowers are mostly borne in clusters. Sepals are reflexed at flowering-time. Creamy flowers have fainted blush pink at the edge of the petals, and golden stamens at the centre. Flowers fade to almost white with aging. The shrub bears a few slender, short prickles.

Leaflets are usually five, sometimes three or seven. Grey-green foliage are, ovate or oval. Dupontii was bred by André Dupont (Du Pont) in France. Also known as Moschata Alba or Snow Bush Rose, this sweetly scented,once flowering species rose has perfectly symmetrical flowers in mid spring or early summer. It produces elongated orange hips. ‘Dupontii’ is one of the least thorny of roses. It is disease resistant, and shade tolerant and one of the most beautiful roses. It received an Award of Merit in 1954.